Integration in spherical coordinates

After spending some time setting up and evaluating triple integrals in cylindrical coordinates, we are going to work with triple integrals in spherical coordinates. Before doing this, let's get an overview of spherical coordinates 

Overview of spherical coordinates 

In a three-dimensional system of coordinates, a point P (x, y, z) is defined by:

ρ : the distance from the origin to the point P

θ: the angle from the positive direction of the x-axis as in the cylindrical coordinates system

ѱ: the angle from the positive z axis and the line OP.

Relationships between rectangular coordinates and spherical coordinates

Other important relationships for conversion

The following figures show a few regions that are useful to express in spherical coordinates

Finding the volume with triple integrals in three ways

 In a previous example I showed how to set up a triple integral in three ways. Calculating a volume in three ways comes to using the same procedure. The following example shows how to calculate the volume with triple integrals in three ways.

Example

Let E be the region bounded below by the rθ plane, above by the sphere x² + y² + z² = 4 and on the sides by the cylinder x² + y² = .1. Set up a triple integral in cylindrical coordinates to find the volume of the region using the following orders of integration, and in each case find the volume and check that the answers are the same.

a. dzdrdθ

b.drdzdθ

Solution

In the expression of E₁ below, r is a function of z. Therefore, we have 0 ≤ r ≤ ⎷4-z² and not 0 ≤ r ≤ ⎷4-r²

Practice

Redo the previous example with the following order dθdzdr,

Setting up a triple integral in cylindrical coordinates in two ways.

 It is possible to set up a triple integral in cylindrical coordinates in two ways. We are going to do that by solving an example.

Example 

Let E be the region bounded below by the the cone z = ⎷x² + y² and the paraboloid z = 2 - x³ - y². Set up a triple integral in cylindrical coordinates to find the volume of the region, using the following orders of integration.

a.dzdrdθ

b. drdzdθ

Solution

a. Integration following the order dzdrdθ

Let's find the intersection of the 2 surfaces. by equalizing their equation

 2 - x2 - y2 = √(x2 + y2)

We want to solve the equation:

2 − x² − y² = √(x² + y²)

2 −( x² +y²⁾ = √(x² + y²)

Since x² + y² = r²

r = √ (x² + y²)

Let's substitute x² + y² and √ (x² + y²) in the equation:

2 − r2 = r 

2 − r² − r = 0

r² + r − 2 = 0

:(r + 2) (r − 1) = 0

 r = −2 (not valid since r ≥ 0)

r = 1 (valid)

Substitute r in the expression: x² + y² = r²

 We finally have: x² + y² = 1

The equation represents a circle centered at the origin and of radius 1 The projection of the region E onto the xy plane is a circle centered at the origin and of radius 1.

Let's find the limits. For fixed θ and r, we have:

Limits for θ: 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2ℼ

Limits for r: 0 ≤ r ≤1

Limits for z:

The cone is the lower limit for z and z is the upper limit. From previous calculations we can write:

r ≤ z ≤2-r

The region E is then defined by:

Hence the integral becomes:

b) Integration in the order: drdzdθ. We adopt the following procedure 

• Fix a height z and angle θ.
• Integrate r first, over the region between the cone and paraboloid.
• Then integrate z and θ over their respective ranges.

 Let's determine the bounds:

• θ: The region is symmetric around the z-axis, so 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π.
• z: At the tip of the cone, z = 0. At the top of the paraboloid, z = 2. So we have 0 ≤ z ≤ 2.
• r: For a fixed z and θ, r goes from the cone to the paraboloid:
  r = z (from z = r) to r = √(2 - z) (from z = 2 - r²).

 The region E is given by:

E = {(r, θ, z)/ z ≤ r≤⎷2 - z, 0≤z≤2, 0≤θ≤2ℼ}

The volume is given by:

.